In a evaluation article printed within the journal Meals, researchers in Italy have illustrated the neuroprotective position of curcumin and curcumin-containing nanoparticles in neurodegenerative illnesses.
Assessment: Neuroprotective Results of Curcumin in Neurodegenerative Ailments. Picture Credit score: Anicka S / Shutterstock
Background
Curcumin is a hydrophobic polyphenol discovered within the rhizome of Curcuma longa. The compound reveals a variety of organic properties, together with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative, anticancer, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective features.
These pharmacological properties have made curcumin a promising candidate for treating neurodegenerative illnesses, together with Parkinson’s Illness (PD), Alzheimer’s Illness (AD), Huntington’s Illness (HD), A number of Sclerosis (MS), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and prion illness.
Curcumin has been discovered to modulate a variety of signaling pathways related to the event of neurodegenerative illnesses, together with nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related issue 2 (Nrf2), serine/threonine kinase AKT, and transcription issue nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB).
Nevertheless, sure components limit curcumin’s scientific utility, comparable to its low water solubility, poor stability, fast metabolism, gradual absorption charge, low bioavailability, and decrease means to cross the blood-brain barrier.
Curcumin-loaded biomimetic nanomedicines ready with cell membranes and extracellular vesicles have been developed to beat these shortcomings. Curcumin-loaded porous poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles have been developed, and floor modification with crimson blood cell membranes has been executed to extend drug launch.
Curcumin-loaded exosomes have been developed to extend their means to cross the blood-brain barrier and facilitate drug supply within the mind to deal with malignant glioma in mice.
A number of nanocarriers, together with liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, cubosome nanoparticles, polymer nanoparticles, and strong lipid nanoparticles, have been used to extend curcumin supply within the mind. Chemical processes have been used to functionalize the floor of nanoparticles with brain-specific ligands, permitting for focused supply of curcumin within the mind with minimal adversarial results.
Curcumin nanoparticles in PD
PD happens as a result of lack of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra. The key hallmarks of PD are dopamine deficiency within the mind and the formation of α-synuclein aggregation.
PD is conventionally handled with dopamine prodrug, dopamine agonist, monoamine oxidase sort B (MAO-B) inhibitor, β-blocker, and adamantine. Nevertheless, extended use of those medicine has been discovered to trigger adversarial unwanted side effects.
Curcumin nanoformulations are rising as a promising adjuvant remedy in PD. Varied nanoformulations, together with alginate–curcumin nanopreparation, lactoferrin nanoparticle curcumin, curcumin- and fish oil-loaded spongosome and cubosome nanoparticles, bovine serum albumin-based nanocurcumin formulation, and curcumin- and piperine-loaded glyceryl monooleate (GMO) nanoparticles, have been discovered to scale back oxidative stress, mind cell loss of life, protein aggregation in animal fashions of PD.
Curcumin nanoparticles in AD
AD happens as a result of accumulation of misfolded β-amyloid protein and tau protein within the mind’s neurofibrillary tangles.
As a therapeutic drug in AD, Curcumin has been discovered to scale back irritation, activate neurogenesis, and inhibit misfolded protein accumulation. In in vitro cell tradition fashions of AD, curcumin-encapsulated biodegradable PLGA nanoparticles have been discovered to scale back oxidative stress and irritation and improve protein disaggregation.
In a transgenic mouse mannequin of AD, curcumin-loaded brain-targeted nanoparticle PLGA-block-poly-ethylene glycol has been discovered to enhance spatial studying and reminiscence and cut back β-amyloid stage and tau phosphorylation.
Curcumin nanoparticles in HD
HD is an autosomal dominant inherited dysfunction attributable to a mutation within the Huntington gene (HTT). The illness is characterised by progressive lack of nerve cells within the mind, resulting in motor and cognitive impairment and psychiatric signs.
In rat fashions of HD, curcumin-encapsulated strong lipid nanoparticles have been discovered to enhance mitochondrial exercise, cut back mitochondrial swelling, free radical manufacturing, and lipid peroxidation, and improve enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant ranges.
In a transgenic mouse mannequin of HD, strong lipid curcumin nanoparticles have been discovered to enhance studying reminiscence and improve dendritic arborization and dendritic spine density.
Curcumin nanoparticles in ALS
ALS happens as a result of progressive lack of nerve cells within the spinal cord and mind. Riluzole is the one identified therapy for AL that extends sufferers’ survival within the early illness phases.
Mesenchymal stromal cells have been discovered to enhance neural safety and substitute useless motor neurons within the spinal cord in ALS sufferers. Curcumin-loaded inulin-D-α-tocopherol succinate micelles have been discovered to extend the therapeutic results of mesenchymal stromal cells.
Curcumin nanoparticles in MS
MS is an inflammatory autoimmune illness that damages the myelin sheath of nerve fibers within the spinal cord and mind. At present, there is no such thing as a remedy for this illness.
Curcumin’s antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative properties have made it a promising candidate for treating MS. In animal fashions of MS, therapy with curcumin has been discovered to inhibit interleukin 12 (IL-12), which causes myelin injury.
Polymerized nanocurcumin particles and curcumin dendrosomal nanoparticles have been discovered to induce neuron remyelination in mice with MS. Curcumin dendrosomal nanoparticles have additionally been discovered to advertise oligodendrogenesis.
Curcumin nanoparticles in prion illness
Prions are proteinaceous infectious particles that trigger Creutzfeldt–Jakob Illness, Kuru Illness, and deadly familial insomnia in people. Regular prion protein could be transformed to its infectious isoform to set off illness onset.
Curcumin has been discovered to inhibit prion fibril formation and conversion of regular prion protein to its infectious isoform.
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